Crest-to-crest wave springs are manufactured by continuously winding and stacking metal strip material, featuring a continuous peak-and-valley waveform structure that generates elastic force through compressive deformation. The number of layers is adjustable to precisely control the spring rate. These springs are available in two configurations: the standard crest-to-crest type (without support turns) and the flat-end crest-to-crest type (with flat support turns at both ends). The latter design reduces stress concentration and improves load distribution uniformity. The core advantage of this spring type is significant space savings, reducing axial installation space by more than 50% compared to traditional helical compression springs. It is widely used in precision machinery (e.g., bearing preload, mechanical seals), the automotive industry (e.g., transmissions, clutches, electric drive systems), and hydraulic sealing systems.